Whales vs Dolphins

The oceans are inhabited by various kinds of animals and plants, such as fish, cetacean (whales, dolphins and porpoises), cephalopods (octopus and squid), crustaceans (lobsters, clams, shrimp and krill), planktons, starfish, Jelly fish etc. The largest In bulk Is the cetacean order. Although whales and dolphins have different outer appearance they belong to the same order and share many similarities. First of all, they are both mammals and share similar characteristics of the anatomy.They have similar vital organs and skeleton, and they breathe and eproduce in the same way. If we scrutinize (take under scrutiny) their way of breathing, we can see that both of them breathe through blow holes which are nasal openings on top of their head. Both breathe with lungs which make them different from the class of fish. Moreover, they reproduce in the same way – by giving birth to a live young which is nourished with milk by its mothers. 80th have one calf at a time and their gestation p eriod ranges from 9 to 18 months.The calves are born tall first to minimize the risk of drowning. Then the calf Is lifted by Its mother to the surface so that It takes Its first breath. Nursing continues for more than a year. Secondly, we can spot many similarltles regarding their social behavior, vocalization and sleeping methods. Whales and dolphins live In plods which are groups of either whales or dolphins respectively. Members of the pod protect each other, feed and migrate together. The number of pods members may vary from 2 to 50. Additionally, they communicate between each other by emitting sounds i. . by vocalization. There use dfferent sounds for different purposes. Generally, these sounds are used for communication, attracting mates and localizing pray i. e. echolocation. What is more, they display similar behavior when it comes down to their sleeping methods. They are both conscious breathers and thus they cannot afford to be unconscious while sleeping because that may l ead to drowning. Hence only one hemisphere of their brain sleeps at a time, so they rest but are never completely asleep. Thirdly, they are considered to have high Intelligence and emotional empathy.Both are highly social beings and they have a complex form of communication with each other which can be defined as language. They cooperate with each other, teach, learn and even grieve. They are very protective of each other and will defend their family and pod from any potential threats. Moreover, they are able to sympathies not only with their relatives but also with other animals in need. Their possession of spindle cells indicates a possibility of high intelligence. Spindle cells are also found in humans, apes and elephants.Scientists find them to have an important role in any cognitive abilities and disabilities ranging from great perceptiveness and perfect pitch to autism and dyslexia. What Is more, in self-awareness experiments they can Identify their reflections in a mirror. To sum up, despite their different physical appearance they are strikingly slmllar. They belong to the same cetacean order and thus share many traits regarding their are compassionate, sociable animals which treat their families in a similar way we do. They are fascinating creatures and I believe that there is even more to surprise us if we explore them further.

Hunting skills Essay

Without hunting we would all be dead. Our ancestors needed to hunt for food and clothing. Hunting is very important to our human history. Today hunting is not as significant to some people, the populaces who hunt these days hunt for food or they hunt for a hobby. To hunt successfully, you need patience, the equipment and skill. Patience is one of the key ingredients to a good hunt. One of the hardest things to do for me is being patience because half of the time you are sitting (or standing) in one spot looking for the animal and if you see the animal you got to debate whether you want it or to look for a better animal. If it is not in a good position you got to wait for it to move to get a good shot. Having patience is one of the best things to have when hunting. Having the right equipment when hunting is like going to school with a pencil it is common sense. The weapon is the most important so you can get the animal, but you need different weapons for different animals like 22. is good for hunting grouse, not for hunting a moose. Clothing is second; you do not want to go hunting in a T-shirt and jeans there is clothing made just for hunting. The right gear is vital to a successfully hunt. Skill is everything you need to be a great hunter. First a skilled hunter would know how to find the animal, where it lives. Second you need to be a good shot because you do not want to miss the animal then it would get scared and run away. Also you do not want to shot the animal more than once because the meat would get ruined. Skill is all you need to have a good hunt. Hunting is a way of life and a hobby to some. People have been hunting throughout the ages and are still hunting today.

Law for Manager Essay

The partnership act 1890 governs the relationship of the persons and the outside world. And in respect of dissolution; if there is no partnership agreement, the partnership act set out the rights and duties of the partners. Such rights and duties (by act or agreement) may be varies by the consent of all partners. (S 19). ‘The relation which subsists between persons carrying on a business in common with a view to profit. ’ Under S24 (5) ‘in common’ means every partner has a say in the firm. The members are only liable for their subscription unless the partnership agreement says otherwise. Saywell V Rope [1979] the wives are not in the partnership as no evidence suggested. ‘Person’ includes a corporation as well as individuals. Companies can enter partnership. ‘With a view to profit’ means certain organisations are excluded. E. g. club or society has no view to profit. Pitreavie Golf Club V Penman [1934] creditor sue under partnership, held, Club’s motivation was to allow member to play not share in profit. ‘Business’ included every trade, occupation and profession. Keith Spicer Ltd V Mansell [1970] Claimant sue the partnership for debt owned, held, there were no partnership so claim failed. Because def carrying on business with no view to profit. It is important to determine whether a partnership exists. For tax reason. When acting in the course of business, the company will bind the other partners to outsiders. S. 24 right to share in profit, management, duties and faith since the arrangement is uberrimae fidei. S. 35 dissolution. If not acting in good faith then the court can dissolve the partnership. S. 28 duty to disclose, bond to render true account of all things affecting the partnership to any partners or their legal representatives. Law V Law [1905] – After the sales agreement there is a partnership asset that was not hidden from the account. But W had lost the right to avoid the contract as he takes the money while knowing disclosure had not made. Held: the agreement to sell shares is avoidable. The contract may be verbally, written or in deed. Basic: A partnership is not a company since it is not incorporated; therefore it has no legal personality separate from its members. Partnership may be implied by conduct where a ‘person holds himself out’ as being a partner. Then he will be liable for the debt incurred S. 4 Under the Rules of the Supreme Court 1965, the partners may be sued in the firm’s name. In KHAN & OTHERS V MIAH & OTHERS [2000] HL confirmed that partnership begins at the point of agreement, not the point when the trading starts. S. 5 each partner is an agent for the firm, has the power to bind the firm by his conduct. The partner is agent as far as he’s acting on the firm’s ordinary activities. Mercantile Credit Co V Garrod [1962] – G was sleeping partner and partnership agreement prohibited the sale of cars which P did. Held: G was bound by contract by virtue of S. making the contract was the doing of an ‘act for carrying on in the usual way business kind carried on by the firm. ’ S 29 (1) every partner must account to the firm for any benefit made by him from any transaction concerning the partnership, it property, name or business connection. Bentley V Craven [1853] C brought products at low price but sell them to the firm at wholesale rate. Held: C can’t retain the profit from these transaction and profit need to hand to the firms. C had used partnership asset, his position to make profit. No person may be introducing as a partner without the consent of all partners. Consent is implied by the other partner when they sign the article. Any different concerning the running of the business, it must be resolved by a majority vote of the partners. If a fundamental change is proposed, requires consent of all partners. S. 9 every partner is liable jointly with the other partner for all debts and obligation of the firm. The civil liability Act 1978 provided that judgement recovered against any person liable jointly with another, shall not be an action brought against the other. Business name. The firm’s name can’t be used to fraudulently imply that the business is identical with another business. A person’s business suffers in the same name/similar name may bring a ‘passing off’ action and obtain an injunction stopping the defendant. ANNABEL’S (BERKELEY SQUARE) Ltd . VG. SCHOEK[1972] S. 30 If any partner without the consent of the others, carries on business of the same nature as and competing with that of the firm, he must account for and pay over all profits made in that business. In the absence of any agreement to the contrary, a partner can carrying a non-competing business which does not involve the use of the firm’s property. Croft V Day [1843] Mr Day uses the same trade name as the other in the same street. Held: the injunction was granted preventing the new firm from trading under the name Day and Martin, the intention of the new firm was to deceive the public. Under S. 34 it is a c riminal offence for a partnership to use the word ‘limited or ‘ltd’ in its name. Partnership agreement terms: Name of partners; Date on the start and end of the partnership; How profit and loss being shared; How much may each partner draw monthly; At which bank the partner maintain its account; Principal asset; Submission of disputes to arbitration; The partnership is based on agreement and they are free to alter them. S. 9 say the decision may be made unanimously; a partnership can’t be formed for an illegal purpose. Types of partnership: 1) General partner takes active role in the daily management and has share in the loss and profit. 2) Sleeping partner contributes capital, take share in profit and liable for debt. But he does not take part in daily management. 3) A partner by holding out is not a true partner in the firm. He’s liable for financial obligation of the firm. MARTYN V GRAY [1863] Under S. 14 a person can become liable for debt if he by word or conduct represent or other to represent that he’s a partner. E. g. his name on the firm’ letter. ) Salaried partner is an employee becomes ‘holding out’, he received salary and bonus depends on the profit. The 1890 Act does not deal with them. 4) LLP is a member under the LLP Act 2000. Change of partners. The death of the partner may dissolve the partnership, but the agreement should allow the partnership continue between the other partners. On the death of the partner, the estate is not liable for debts incu rred after his death, even if the creditor was unaware of his death. S 17 (1) New partners are not liable for debts before they joint the partnership. The right to sue a new partner may be acquired by novation. Where an agreement between the creditor; the new agreement and the old firm is made, and the original contract is therefore discharged, and the new firm is accepting the liability for the debt. Byrne V Reid [1902] the claimant can introduce his son as partner when they are 21, held, other partner could not refuse because this is layout in the partnership agreement. The retirement of a partner: S. 17(2) He may be discharged from any existing liability by agreement (novation) between him, the firm and the creditors. Creditors are not force to accept novation and may still regard the retiring partner as liable for debt. The retiring partner can get compensation from the other partner. Under S. 36, the retiring partner will be liable for debt if: 1)To person dealt before his retirement unless given written notice that he’s no longer a partner or 2)To person who had no previous dealing with the firm before but know the composition before retirement. Unless the retirement person has given notice or had advertised in the London Gazette. Such notice is effective without consent. Liability for wrongs: 1)S 10 provides that any wrongful act or omission of any partner acting in the course of the business or with authority of co-partners. Any loss or injury is caused to person which is not a partner. The firm is liable to the same extent as the partner committing the wrong. This liability is jointly and several. 2) In HAMLYN V HOUSTON & Co [1905] a firm was liable to compensate a claimant where one of the partners had bribed a clerk employed by the claimant in order to obtain information about a rival’s business. 3) The firm will be vicariously liable for the torts committed by its employees in the course of their employment. 4) Lloyd V Grace, Smith & Co [1912]. Advantages of partnership: Uphold of capital, being responsible, share expertise, share resources, share profit and flexibility. Disadvantages of partnership: Conflict, jointly and severally liability, sharing debt/loss. Differences: 1) A company is a type of corporation, registered under company legislation. Company act 2006. The members of the company may have limited liability. The company’s debt belongs to the company not the shareholders, even if the company is insolvent. 2) A partnership is ‘the relationship which subsists between persons carrying a business with a view to profit. ’ S 1 Partnership act 1890. It’s an unincorporated association, having no separate legal personality from the partners. It may have firm’s name but not corporate status. Partners are responsible for the acts of the firm. Partners have unlimited liability and responsible for partnership’s debt. 3) LLP is registered at the companies’ house and received a certificate of incorporation. LLP is corporate bodies having separate personality from their members. LLP is personally liable to the third party for wrongful acts and might be liable in the insolvency. They are tax as partnership, flexible, trading disclose, accounting and filing similar to the company. They can also lend and raise floating charge. Perpetual succession 1) A company has perpetual succession; it is not affected by the death of the shareholders or change ownership of its shares. It continues to exist until it wound up by court/its members. 2) A partnership may be terminated on the death, retirement, bankruptcy or insanity of a partner. 3) LLP is incorporated, so not affected by the death etc. of a partner. His share may be inherited but the beneficiary will not be able to take part in management, only share in profit. A company has separate legal personality from its members. Salomon V Salomon & Co [1897], Lee V Lee’s air farm Ltd [1961], Macaura V Northern Insurance [1925], Cox V Coulsons [1916] – An actor shoot an audience in accident and claimant sue for damage in the partnership of the theatre (def) and theatrical company. Held: def is not in partnership with the actors company so not liable, neither of them are agent. Corporate veil can be lifted where there’s evidence of fraud/illegality. Gilford Motor Co V Horne [1933], Daimler Co Ltd V Continental Tyre Co [1916] (War time), Chandler V Cape Plc. Civil law-compensation; Criminal law –retribution/punishment. Lift corporate veil to target parent company; but difficult, usually subsidiary. Ownership; Separate ownership and management in a company; Small company has ownership and management in the hands of CEO; in a partnership there’s unity of ownership and control. All partners have right to management. Accounts; Company accounts have to be laid before the general meeting, published and audited. They are open to public inspection; Partnership accounts are not subject to public inspection and no need audited; LLP account need auditor’s report and have be sent annually to company’s house and to each member. Tax liability; Corporation tax paid on company’s profit, income tax by shareholders on dividend; Income tax is paid by partners as self-employed; LLP are tax as partnership. Shares. 1) Shares in listed companies re freely transferable. Private companies may impose restriction on transferring oh shares. Company can issue shares of different class with right attached to the shares. 2) A partners share is not freely transferable. New partner can be introduced with consent of all partners. In the absence of agreement, all partners have equal rights regarding the firm’s affairs and shares in capital, profit and losses. 3) a member of LLP may leave by agreement or by given notice. (S. 43 of the 2000 act) The firm is not dissolving on the departure of the member so no shares in the LLP’s assets. Unless agreement provides otherwise. Formalities: 1) To form a company requires registration to be complied with payment of fees. During lifetime of the company there are administrative formalities to be complied. Certain information (change of article/special resolution) need to submit to registrar. Information about a company’s affairs is readily available at company’s house or company’s registered office.  This also applies to LLP. 2) The formation of partnership has no legal requirement to be complied. But the business names act 1985 applies the partnership being based on agreement between the partners. No requirement for partnership except those affecting the business. E. g. registration for VAT, return of profit from HMRC. The public has no right to access material concerning partnership affairs. 3) LLP required submitting an annual return and accounts to companies’ house and keeping accounts in accordance with company legislation and daily records disclosing the financial position of the firm. The veil of incorporation, it was established in Salomon that a registered company is a legal person separate from its members. This principle may be referred to as ‘the veil of incorporation’. In general the law will not go behind the separate personality of the company to its members. Restated by Lightman J in Acatos and Hutcheson Plc V Watson [1995]. Principle of separate identity should be upheld unless there was a specific statutory provision or some other contractual term or common law principle to the contrary. Therefore, when the company is incorporated the veil of incorporation comes down, giving the company a separate legal personality from its members. Fraudulent trading, S. 213 of the insolvency act 1986: 1) If it appears that ‘any business of the company has been carried on with intent to defraud creditors of the company or of any other person, or for any fraudulent. 2) Purpose ‘it may order that ‘any persons who were knowingly parties to the carrying on of the business in the manner above mentioned are to be liable to make contributions to the company’s assets as the court thinks proper. 3) S. 993 CA 2006 Criminal offences of fraudulent trading. 3) High standard of proof. S213 of the IA 1986 provides that if in the winding up of a company it appears that the business has been carried on with the intent to defraud creditors or for any fraudulent purpose, the court, on the application of the liquidator, may declare that any persons who were knowingly parties to the fraudulent trading shall make such contributions to the company’s assets as the court thinks fit. ) S214 of the IA 1986 provides that where the liquidator of a company can show that D prior to liquidation, knew or ought to have known that there was no reasonable prospect that the company could avoid insolvent liquidation, and did not take steps to minimise the loss to creditors, the court may require D to make personal contribution to the company’s assets. Does not have to be dishonest, unreasonable behaviour or negligence. Reproduce Marketing Consortium Ltd [1989] Company become insolvent Ds directors were not dishonest but failed to take action. Held: the directors know that liquidation will occur, but fail to minimise loss during the disposal of assets. 5) S216 of the IA 1986 provides a criminal offence is committed. Directors or shadow directors during the 12 months prior to the company’s insolvent liquidation who concerns himself during the next 5 yrs in the formation or management of the business with a name similar to the earlier company. S 217 imposes personal liability on such a person for the debts and liabilities of the second company. Ricketts V AD Valorem Factors [2003]. ) Under S15 of the Company directors disqualification Act 1986, a person who has been disqualified continue acting in the management of a company will b e liable for the debts of the company contracted during that period. He can be guilty of a criminal offence under S13. Lifting the veil 1) Disqualified director. S. 15 of the company directors disqualification Act 1986, where disqualified from being a directors in contravention of disqualification. D liable for all debts of the company which were incurred when he was so acting. The same applies to the person who knowingly acts on the instructions of a disqualified person. ) S. 122(1) of the Insolvency Act 1986 petition to wind up a company on the grounds above. That it would be just and equitable to do so. For instance the court might look into why the company was formed. 3) Company name: S349 companies act 1985. E. g. directors or secretary issues or signs on behalf of the company, a bill of exchange or order for goods under the company’s name incorrectly stated; they are liable if the company defaults. 4) Penrose V Martyr [1858]-a company’s secretary accepts a ‘bill’ drawn on the company’s name on which the name was incorrectly written. The company defaulted. Held: The secretary was personally liable. 5) Trading certificate. Where no certificate has been obtained to enable a public company to commence trading, the directors commit a criminal offence and are personally liable to indemnify the other party for loss if the company defaults. However, failure to obtain the certificate does not affect the validity of any contract. Judgement. It is difficult to be precise about the circumstances when a judge will be prepared to lift the veil of incorporation. In Wolfson V Strathclyde Regional Council [1978] the COA laid down the principal that it is only permissible for a court to lift the veil where ‘special circumstances exist indicating that the company is a mere facade concealing the true facts. Gilford Motor Company Ltd V Horne [1933], Jones V Lipman [1962], DHN Ltd V Strathclyde RC [1978], Adams V Cape Industries Plc and Another [1991]. Judges lift veil to reveal fraud, sharp practice, oppression and illegality. Judge have lifted the veil in the: 1) Alien enemies. During war time, where a company is control by enemy aliens contract will be unenforceable by the company. A company registered in the UK may be an alien enemy if those in control to its affairs are alien enemies. Daimler Co. Ltd V Continental tyre and Rubber Co Ltd [1916]. 2) Where company is formed to enable persons to evade existing liability there’s abuse of company law. Gilford Motor Co Ltd Horne [1933] an ex employee was personally bound by a valid restraint of trade from approaching his former firm’s customers. He set up new company to solicit customers of his previous employer. Held: The Company was a mere sham to cloak the wrong doings of the director and the court grant the injunction against the new company as well as against him. ) Lord Denning as prepared to life the veil in Wallerstiner V Moir [1974] there was fraud surrounding the making of a loan to director. The company of which he was a director made a loan to another company which was his ‘puppet’, so the loan should be treated as made to him. 4) Interest of justice. Creasey V Breachwood Motors Ltd [1993] an employee successfully claimed unfair dismissal against a company to whom all the assets of the original company, owned by the same individuals, had been transferred. However, the corporate veil can only be pierced if there is some evidence of impropriety or fraud. 5) Conflict viewpoint. In Creasey V Breachwood Motors Ltd [1994] the judge said ‘the power of the court to lift the corporate veil exists. The authorities provide little guidance as to the circumstances in which this power is to be exercised. ’ However, in Williams V Natural Life Health Foods Ltd [1998] the HOL took the view that the corporate veil was sacrosanct and should only be lifted in the most exceptional circumstances. ) In Trustor AB V Smallbon [2001] the def, a managing director had transferred substantial sums to another company. The Chancery Division was prepared to pierce the veil and recognise the receipt by that company as that of the individual in control, because it was used as a device or facade to conceal the true fact. However, in the absence of impropriety or fraud the courts will not pierce the veil. 7) Corporate manslaughter. Gross negligence manslaug hter- is the veil lifted here? Is the veil lifted in case where corporate manslaughter is established?

Journal 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Journal 4 - Essay Example This paper provides insight into the engineering concept of green buildings, by analyzing Lipu, Jamal and Karim’s journal article titled â€Å"An approach towards sustainable energy performance by green building: a review of current features, benefits and barriers.† Just like the title suggests, the article examines how green buildings work towards increasing energy conservation and sustainability. This journal article also outlines characteristics of green buildings, their benefits and the hurdles that engineers encounter when constructing them. A principal point noted from the article is that global warming and potential depletion of resources is a major concern for engineers. This is especially in the construction industry, since buildings make up the greatest percentage of engineering works. According to Lipu, Jamal and Karim (180) construction of buildings consumes more than one-third of global resources. This includes approximately 40 percent energy and 12 percent freshwater usage. In terms of pollution and contribution to global warming, buildings produce about 40 percent of greenhouse gases and the same proportion of landfill waste (Lipu et al. 181). These figures clearly show that it is not only industries and cars that contribute to the problem of rising global temperatures and climate change, but buildings as well. Construction of green buildings and refurbishing old ones to enhance sustainability holds significant potential to save energy, while reducing emission of greenhouse gases. Further, green buildings create a comfortable and healthy indoor setting for building tenants. This is because green buildings provide proper indoor conditions in regard to ventilation, air quality and thermal comfort. By making maximum use of day lighting and natural ventilation, which is supported by many operable windows, green buildings save energy that would otherwise have been used to sustain artificial lighting and air conditioning systems. Further, green

A case study on E-commerce business model Assignment

A case study on E-commerce business model - Assignment Example E-commerce-a strong promotion & Market research tool: Richard who was supposed to be a gardener diverted in a medium which he thought can change his business distribution strategy if properly used i.e WWW. He was in need a mode to take his products to the people who are in search of the same. WWW is having no boundaries and can reach customers beyond horizons and can transfer data with more precision. trivial option for the conventional gardener as it was termed as an expensive tool and complex tool to work with. The professional charges to build a website with all the features were difficult to bear with. The initial investment is needed to place a website was a bit high. Prior to the advent of WWW, gardening companies have to register their company and their products to an apex organization to market their products. These apex organizations used to divert the customers to the respective companies for the products thus the medium in between was circuitous and complex for a customer to approach. E-commerce has eliminated these hurdles and kept the entire information required on the website that can be viewed by the consumers at their convenience. Unlike conventional marketing strategies, the website needs constant update and monitoring which was not an encouraging factor for gardeners. Richard has made a bold move by initiating the efforts to learn and implement the methods of developing the website. His initial efforts made to learn the pro and cons of using internet marketing. He constantly updated his knowledge and the technology thus set the platform that made him to entice more customers. He identified the channel where he can position his web link in the cluster of garden websites thus avoiding the high expenses incurred by the print and other physical medium E-Commerce an effective distribution channel: Richard has initiated the client relationship through email and the queries were addressed every mornings and evenings at convenient timings. E-mail correspondence has enhanced the reach as it can address the concerns and requests in a flash of time. The

Marx Communist Ideals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marx Communist Ideals - Essay Example In chapter I, Bourgeois and Proletarians, one is advised to go through the pages of human history. According to communist philosophy, it is the history of class struggles. One finds the pairs of opposites at all levels and in all segments of the society. Whether slave or the master, serf and lord, plebeian and patrician, they are constantly engaged in mind-war situations. The hidden grudge exists against each other at all times. The oppressed class is weak in financial resources to fight back. It is unable to challenge the capitalists at will. We know from history that when such fights on a large scale occurred, they resulted in a revolutionary reconstruction of the society, and the upper classes faced the total ruin, many lost their lives or forced to give up their wealthy possessions. The subordinate gradations of the society challenged the upper classes. (Mark’s Communist Party Manifesto-1848) In any given period, including the present era of technological and internet revo lutions, a clear cut division exists in the society— Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. The bourgeoisie is clever to adapt to changed circumstances and convert them to its advantage. Its adventurism of profitability and limitless aggrandizement for wealth goes on unabated. Capitalism has done irreparable damage to established national values and national industries and the process continues even now. It denudes the human being, robs him of the values and sentiments, and chisels a production unit out of him. It bears enormous stress on his mental faculties in the game of fierce competition, where marketing of the products is the ultimate goal, no matter how one does it! A sadistic joy erupts in the business circles by throwing the other man (the competitor) out of the ring. Artificial wants are being created, which in fact are damaging to the health of an individual. Workers are driven to the wall, trade unionism becomes their option to seek their rights, management becomes their sw orn enemy and they believe that the unions need to be at permanent war with the management on one pretext or the other. National level union leaders are on record to say, that they are not concerned with the productivity and it is the sole business of the management how to get it from the workers. Management also devises new strategies to challenge the working style of the unions. In the process, both have unleashed powers, which they are unable to control, without inflicting self-damage. A worker no more finds charm in his work; he is just a screw of the machine that he operates. His future depends on the volatility and mood of the market and he is totally at its mercy. The recent recession is a glaring example. When the market tumbled, the demand for the goods crashed, several millions workers were rendered jobless. Let the American Constitution swear by capitalism and the concept of free society. The story and discussions contained in the two books, The Grapes of Wrath by John St einbeck and Waiting for Lefty (a drama) by Clifford Odets, unfold the ground realities in the country. The writings of Odets are one of commitment to Communist ideology, his Leftist leanings are no hidden agenda, he is quite blatant about his convictions, and he has depicted the conditions obtaining in the American Society of 1930s. He has provided an able dramatic presentation of the social injustices which is the root cause for an

Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business - Case Study Example Since Carl was relatively new to the system, it was the duty of supervisor to monitor Carl and guide him towards the proper direction. The supervisor should also have offered assistance to Carl in terms of the orientation of the new employees. The next half of the project will present a brief background of the case. As offering a brief background to the case will help to understand the latter half of the report. Background It was during the early April when Mr. Carl Robins, the new campus recruiter of ABC Inc., hired 15 new employees. The employees were supposed to work for Monica Carrolls, who was the Operations Supervisor. After the process of recruitment Carl scheduled an orientation program for the newly recruited employees, which was supposed to take place on 15th June. His primary intention was to ensure that after providing adequate training to the staff, they will be fit for joining by the beginning of July. On May 15th, the operational supervisor, Monica Carrolls contacted C arl to discuss about the training sessions. Apart from that the discussion also took place about the schedule of training, medical checkup, physical test, orientation, handing over the policy booklets to the employees and a list of other issues. During the conversation Carl reassured Monica Carrolls that all the required amenities will be in place within the stipulated time frame. He also quoted that during the time employee orientation will commence every employee will be present along with their application forms. Carl got back to work just after the Memorial Day weekend, in order to check whether all the employee applications were completed or not. As he was going through it, he suddenly realized that there was a shortage of adequate pieces of the orientation manual. Moreover there were also missing pages in between the manual. After witnessing these occurrences, Carl become anxious when he comprehended that not a single newly recruited employees had received the obligatory drug screening. Apart from that Carl was shocked to know the news that the room where the training was supposed to take place was pre occupied by another client (Solve my question, 2012). Hence there was also unavailability of the training room. Key Problems The given case has to deal with a number of problems. The most important of them all is related to the way, campus recruiter Carl Robbins has planned, implemented and followed up. Mr. Robbins at first neglected to coordinate with his supervisor. This depicts that the recruiter feels himself as self sufficient. Apart from that he has misguided the employees as well as operational supervisor. He did not communicate the exact time, when the new employees will be attending the obligatory drug screening. He did not arranged adequate copies of orientation manual and also failed to fill up the applications of the newly recruited employees. Even the orientation manuals have few pages missing. This demonstrates how careless he was while perfo rming his duty. It also exhibits his lack of professionalism and responsibility. The recruiter also had enough time in order to make sure that everything would be in place prior to the commencement of the training schedule on the 15th of June. However, Carl was also new to the system and therefore it becomes the duty of the supervisor to train him or guide him

NIKE CASE STUDY based on Corporate Strategy Essay

NIKE CASE STUDY based on Corporate Strategy - Essay Example By focusing differentition on product, businesses could commnd premium prices for their products. Products represented top-of-the-line offerings in the industry. In this mrket, degree of differentition is not lrge. Nike entrees mrket where competitors cn differentite their products nd tht is why hve less rivlry. Rivlry is reduced where customers hve high switching costs - i.e. there is significnt cost ssocited with the decision to receive products from n lterntive competitor. Nike proposes to its customers competitive prices nd ensure customer stisfction. Nike's min competitor (Dniels et l 2006), dids, follows the strtegy which hs gret impct on competition. The nlysis suggests tht ny superior mtch between compny competencies nd customers needs permits the firm to outperform competitors. In generl, Nike bses its competitive strtegy on overll ledership nd differentition constructing the most efficient fcilities (in terms of scle or technology) nd obtins the lrgest shre of mrket. These dvntges, in turn, give them substntil led in terms of experience with building the service. Experience then leds to more refinements of the entire process of production, delivery, nd service, which leds to further cost reductions. Nike hs mrketble portfolio which ensures its ledership position on the mrket. The study reveled tht Nike does not pursue low-cost strtegies. Within these globl competitive environments, Nike overwhelmingly emphsizes differentition strtegies, where competitive positioning is predominntly bsed on qulity offerings nd brnd imge. Qulity is lmost universlly stressed s necessry determinnt of competitiveness. nother theme evident in the findings is the importnce strtegy-industry fit plys in determining business unit performnce. Here it is recognized tht perceptions of industry pressures my be more importnt thn the ctul pressures in determining strtegies nd hence performnce (Johnson & Scholes 2003). Question 2 In order to improve its strtegies position, Nike should chieve competition dvntge nd re-position itself. The compny cn position itself s premium brnd which proposes exceptionl qulity. While ll businesses my emphsize qulity, some my select strtegy bsed on further differentiting their offerings ccording to the qulity of the products nd services they provide. Indeed, in this study one of the dominnt competitive positioning strtegy types identified is 'high-qulity" (Johnson & Scholes 2003). Here, the emphsis on qulity permetes every ctivity long the vlue chin; qulity is clerly the overriding determinnt of competitive positioning. The exceptionl qulity is crucil for footbll tems nd the 2008 Europen Chmpionship. In this cse, qulity domintes competitive positioning nd differentites businesses in globl scle. Here, qulity is consistent with both innovtion nd speciliztion (Dniels et l 2006). Mngeril perceptions of strong pressures re evidence tht lrge number of businesses competing in globl industries mke imprecise ssessments of globl industry opportunities nd threts. It is possible to ssume tht Nike's competitors will follow cost focus strtegy nd cost differentition. dids, direct competitor of Nike, provides comprble buyer vlue but perform the ctivities less efficiently. In contorts, Nike performs the ctivities in unique wy which rises the vlue to the consumer nd thus llows them to commnd premium price - the

Violating Company Social Networking Policy Assignment

Violating Company Social Networking Policy - Assignment Example NLRB ruled in favor of the employer because it is important that the activity should be concerted in order to provide relief to the employee in such cases. In this case, the employee was properly disciplined and therefore there was nothing wrong in it, according to the ruling and judgment of NLRB. Â  I agree with the decision of NLRB because it is also important to protect the rights of the employer. There are guidelines which NLRB has to follow and in this case, they have followed the guidelines. NLRB makes sure that rights of employees are not violated and employment terms are such that use of social media activity against employer does not become grounds for termination (Belicove, 2012). But the social media activity should be concerted, meaning that the employee should take up the issue with other employees before posting something online regarding his or her employer. This was not done and therefore this case was decided in favor of the employer. The decision was accurate because it was based on the laws and guidelines of NLRB and the termination of the employee was not legal because he did not talk about the issue with his fellow employees. Â  The decision would not have been taking in a positive way in any organization by the employees. Employees would feel that they were violated and employer got off because of a technical issue. The issue would have created many work-related problems and moral issues in any organization. Employees have a natural tendency to think positively regarding their fellow employees. Also because in this case the employee posted something that was very true and therefore sympathies of employee would always be with him. This would worsen the employee relations in any company and more and more of such cases would come up which will negatively affect employee productivity. Â  

Diplomatic history of the us since 1914 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Diplomatic history of the us since 1914 - Essay Example In other words, cold-war tension was palpable during the war as a result of the United States support of Israel and the U.S.S.R.’s support of its rivals. Richard Nixon (the President) and Henry Kissinger (a senior member of the Nixon Administration) have had significant roles to play in the manner in which the war eventually played out. Both Nixon and Kissinger dealt with the situation in a cautious and diplomatic manner. The Middle-east region offered economic advantages to its trading partners due to the abundant energy resources available in its terrain. More importantly, it is of strategic importance to both the super-powers, as maintaining dominance over the world order is not possible without controlling the region. By the end of the military conflict the cold-war power alignments had been altered. Egypt’s pre-war leaning toward the Soviet Union had weakened as a result of the war. The war also brought to light Syria’s support for Arabs. By the end of the w ar, popular cynicism of the Israel government reached its peak both domestically and internationally, leading to the resignation of top leaders. On a more positive note, it had become the United States’ responsibility to ensure peace in the region; as a result of its increased dependency of resources in the Middle-east. The Nixon Doctrine was presented to the American public on 25th July, 1969 by the then President Richard Nixon. The doctrine had two important components to it – one pertaining to relationship with allies and the other regarding achieving world peace. Nixon stated in his address to the nation that the traditional allies of the United States should defend themselves without the latter’s military involvement. He also set an agenda for achieving world peace through a process of diplomacy. Later in the year Nixon’s explicated his doctrine thus: â€Å"First, the

Applied management project Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 14250 words

Applied management project - Dissertation Example Companies can try to capture market share from foreign shores in order to be able to expand without the fear of being discriminated against foreign or local counterparts (Hoekman 2001). Still, there remains considerable criticisms because of the lapses of the organisation have negatively impacted some developing nations. However, the magnitude of the global marketplace makes it very difficult to manage. With the opportunities presented by the WTO, the companies can then turn their sights on these markets and the possible entrenched competition that they may face. Hence, there is the urgency to be able to penetrate swiftly as well as to guide the product in this very critical stage (Robertson 1993). Also, companies would do well to be able to be able to innovate in such a way that they can capture and hold market share. To do so, it is shown in the paper that it is important to always consider the market when innovating their products (Karr and Gabrielson 2007). Background, Aims and O bjectives The global economy has greatly benefited from the increased trading activities that have been fuelled by trade liberalization. Hence, there are many companies that have tried to take on the challenges and be able to get into the different countries and capture the demand of their respective domestic markets. This strengthening of the global trading system has further expanded the global marketplace where companies can have access to different areas where they can sell their wares as well as be able to enhance their production capabilities. It is important to note that this has been supported greatly by the anti-discrimination principles of the Most Favored Nation (MFN) rule as well as the National Treatment rule which has enabled the different companies from different countries to be able to have fair treatment (Hoekman 2001). Still, there are criticisms of the global trade organisation. In fact, Rose (2003) even alleges that the WTO does not really contribute to the growi ng trade between nations. Furthermore, there have also been allegations that the organisation is merely a pawn used by rich and powerful countries and companies to advance their self-serving interests and be able to take advantage of the resources from other countries. Also, there have also been conflicts that have come between policies from different nations with those of the WTO. Among these have been the labour policies and the now increasingly pressing environmental policies. Through the past decade, there has been increasing awareness of the effects of global warming. Hence, different countries have been growing more concerned about the need to protect the environment and mitigate the impact of pollution in the environment. Therefore, there have been increasing regulations that different companies must abide in order to reduce their carbon footprints. However, there is the risk that these policies may be interpreted as protectionist in nature rather than as a protection for nat ure. On the other hand, there have also been rulings in favour of trade that has earned the ire of environmentalist groups that have alleged that the organisation was favouring capitalism over the need to protect the environment. It is important to remember though that trade must be able to promote sustainability while countries must likewise ensure that they abide by the various agreements from the trade rounds that has

A Synopsis of the Movie The Hurt Locker Essay Example for Free

A Synopsis of the Movie The Hurt Locker Essay How do at least two of the following production elements combine to engage audiences with what is occurring one scene or sequence of the narrative you have studied. Scene 6 escalates the growing tension between James and Sanborn through sound and camera work. The audience assumes that the situation is extremely dangerous at the beginning of the scene due to the air raid siren sounds and the long shot establishing the evacuation of the UN building. This chaos is further emphasised by the shaky camera and the stressed voice tones in the dialogue of Sanborn and Eldridge. The audience’s tension is then released by James’ sigh as he puts out the burning car fire. The chaotic tension between the team members and their interrelationships is highlighted by the quick, hasty shots between the three as they attempt to access the bomb. The audience is further involved in this scene even more so, being positioned as the fourth team member, often by shots through the scope of a gun and through the bomb suit mask. By involving the audience, Bigelow is able to further engage the audience with the relationships between the characters. Bigelow makes the audience on edge during this scene through the highlighted breaths and sighs of Jeremy Renner. The sighs are often used to release tension between the characters and the audience, in particular when Renner defuses the bomb and he receives his adrenaline rush. Renner also exhales heavily when searching the car for the bomb, emphasising the frustration and inability to find the bomb. This allows the movie goers to feel James’ adrenaline rush kicking in as well. When Renner cuts the seat of the car, the shot creates a sound edit. The audience is still experiencing the high emotions from the intercutting shots between Sanborn and James when the frame cuts to black and the sound of the cutting shocks the audience into believing that someone has been shot. Fittingly, the ripping of the material by Renner further establishes his character as a stupid or blindly courageous character, making the audience less favourable of him as he is endangering his own life and the lives of Sanborn and Eldridge.

How Do Drugs Interact With Receptors Biology Essay

How Do Drugs Interact With Receptors Biology Essay Illustrate with named drug examples. Receptors are highly important in cell function as they allow communication between a cell and its neighbours and controls the way a cell functions with stimuli or depression, usually from the central nervous system via the brain and spinal cord (Patrick, 2005). The nerves that communicate with their respective cells do not connect directly to their target cells, and there has to be some way of carrying their message across a gap of only 100 Ã…, and this is achieved by the release of chemical messengers from the nerve cell to interact with receptors in the target cell membrane (Patrick, 2005). These receptors are protein molecules, usually embedded in the cell membrane, with a certain area of this protein on the outside of the cell which is able to bind this chemical messenger due to the proteins structure. This binding of the chemical messenger leads to the activation of the receptor which leads to the desired effect which can occur via a numb er of methods (Katzung, 2001). When this process goes wrong, for example of too much or not enough messengers are released, then disease states can occur, with Parkinsons disease, depression and psychosis being among many diseases thought to be resulting from this sort of pathophysiology (Patrick, 2005). When this occurs, drugs, which may be defined as any substance that brings about a change in biological function through its chemical actions (Katzung, 2001), can be used to have an effect on the desired receptors to increase or decrease their activity, and hopefully restore the balance as close to the physiological normal as possible. In this essay, I shall first discuss how drugs can have their effect on receptors and will then go on to discuss how these drugs work on different types of receptors to treat disease. There are many, many different receptors in the body with different shapes, sizes, regulating factors and functions. These can be classified into five main classes: (i) ligand gated ion channels, (ii) intracellular receptors for lipid soluble agents, (iii) ligand regulated transmembrane enzymes, (iv) cytokine receptors, and (v) G proteins and second messengers (Patrick, 2005). Throughout the essay, I will try to explain how drugs interact with receptors and how this can affect their function. I will also try and use a balanced coverage of the above receptor classes as examples when describing how drugs can affect a receptors function. Firstly, a drug may be used to mimic the action of a natural chemical messenger to activate the receptor and cause an increase of activity at that cell, for example, initiating muscle movement or secretion of a hormone (Patrick, 2005). These types of drugs are called agonists, but their function at a receptor depends on a number of factors that need to be considered when designing new drugs. One requirement is that the drug has to have the correct binding groups, so that the required number of interactions, for example, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interactions etc.; can be made between the drug and the receptor, and that these interactions are strong enough to stimulate the receptor, but not too strong so that the drug does not leave the receptor after binding (Katzung, 2001). The drug must also have the correct size and shape to fit into the receptor binding site and allow these interactions to occur. If the drug is too small, the drug will not be able to sufficie ntly form the required interactions with the receptor, and if too big, the drug will not be able to fit into the binding site at all. This has become a lot easier since the protein structures of many receptors, and their binding sites, have been identified via genetic engineering, computer based molecular modeling and X ray crystallography, allowing for the design of specific drugs to fit these binding sites (Patrick, 2005). In terms of how the chemical messengers and drugs have their effect on the receptor to activate it, it is thought that the binding interactions of the messenger molecule cause the receptor to change shape. As an example, if a receptor had three binding sites, when the agonist reaches the receptor, it may only interact with two of the three required interactions. In order for the third interaction to take place, the protein must undergo a conformational change, and with this change, the receptor will become activated and cause a change in the cells activity (Katz ung, 2001). This is a very simplified view and in reality, the conformational changes needed to open a channel such as an ion channel are complex and often, the lock gate is not in close proximity to the receptor binding site, but the same ideas are common to both. A very common prescribed agonist is Salbutamol, a selective ÃŽ ²-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, in the treatment of asthma (Waldeck, 2002). This is a G protein coupled receptor which is expressed mainly in the lungs in the alveolar walls. When this receptor is activated, levels of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) via G-protein activation of adenyl cyclase. The increase in cAMP in the cells influences cAMP dependant protein kinases which contribute to regulation of muscle tone and reduce free calcium ions on the cell by stopping their influx from outside the cell and also their release from intracellular stores (Kroeze, 2003). This then results in relaxation of the central and peripheral airway smooth muscle and therefore bronchodilation (Sears, 2005). Benzodiazepines can be used as anticonvulsants for treatment of epileptic seizures and work by acting as agonists of the GABAA receptor in the central nervous system. These work by binding to a specific benzodiazepine binding site at the interface of the ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ³ subunits which is present on a subset of GABAA receptors (Treiman, 2001). When a benzodiazepine binds to this site, it increases the affinity of the receptor protein to bind GABA, and therefore increases the chance that the channel will open. With the channel more likely to be open, this allows the flow of chloride ions through the channel and therefore hyperpolarizes the membrane and makes the associated neuron less likely to potentiate an action potential, hence the drugs sedative properties (Treiman, 2001). Agonists are a good therapeutics agent for when there is not enough chemical messenger in a system, but what if there is too much being produced? In this situation, an antagonist is used. An antagonist is a drug that can bind to a receptor binding site but does not produce a functional conformational change like an agonist, or if it does change the shape of the receptor protein, it does so in a way in which the desired effect on the cell does not occur (Patrick, 2005). These are called competitive antagonists as they compete with the natural chemical messenger for the receptor binding site and therefore block the action of the messenger, preventing it from having its effect. Competitive agonists are usually designed to bind to the binding site more strongly, so enhancing its anagonistic effects (Patrick, 2005). Antagonists can also work on the receptors but not actually at the binding site. These are termed allosteric antagonists with the drug binding to a different part of the recep tor and the interactions involved may then distort the shape of the receptor in such a way that the natural chemical transmitter cannot bind as the binding site will no longer be compatible. This is an example of non-competitive antagonism as the drug is not competing with the natural chemical messenger for the same binding site (Katzung, 2001). An example of an ion channel antagonist is Amlodipine, which has its effect on voltage gated L-type (slowly inactivating) calcium channels (Abernethy, 1999). This drug is used for a variety of cardiovascular diseases, for example, hypertension and angina pectoris (Abernethy, 1999). With the calcium channels blocked, there is less influx of calcium into the cell, and in smooth muscle cells, this decrease in the intracellular messenger leads to a reduction in muscle contraction. This means that vasodilation takes place and leads to a decrease in blood pressure (Abernethy, 1999). Sometimes, a drug is discovered that cannot be classed as a pure agonist or a pure antagonist, its action involves it having some effect on a receptor to produce its activation, but not as much as would be seen with an agonist. These are termed partial agonists. There are many theories into how these work because it does seem strange that an agonist can only work partially. One such explanation is that when the partial agonist binds to the binding site, it does form the required interactions to produce a conformational change, but this change is not exactly the same as a pure agonist, and so may only activate the channel partially, for example, by only partly opening an ion channel (Patrick, 2005). Another theory involves the partial agonist being able to bind to the receptor in more than one place, so one method of binding would produce an agonist effect and the other an antagonist effect. This balance between the two would result in only a proportion of the receptors being activate d, hence, the partial antagonistic effect (Katzung, 2001). An example of a partial agonist is clozapine which is classified as an atypical antipsychotic and can be used for its anti-depressive and anti-anxiolytic effects in some patients. Along with effecting dopamine receptors, it also binds to serotonergic receptors, particularly the 5-HT1A receptor, to which it has its partial agonist effect (Meltzer, 1989). There is another way drugs can interact with receptors and this is in the form of an inverse agonist. These work on the principle that some receptors have constitutive activity, for example the GABA receptors, in which they are active at all times, regardless of signals they are receiving, so can be active even without the presence of a natural chemical messenger or an agonist (Patrick, 2005). This can even be true when an antagonist is present as the antagonist has the same binding affinity to both the active and inactive receptors, so there is no change in biological activity because the active receptor remains active. An inverse agonist has the effect of binding to the receptors and stabilising them in the inactive state, so will reduce the number of active receptors that are functioning, so will almost prevent any receptors from being active as it even stops the constitutive activity, so has a negative efficacy (Patrick, 2005). Figure 1 represents a diagrammatical representation of this (Lambert, 2004). Cimetidine, a H2 receptor inverse agonist, is used for the treatment of dyspepsia and peptic ulcers (Wallmark, 1983). It works by blocking the binding of histamine to the receptor on the parietal cells which reduces the amount of acid that is secreted by these cells into the stomach (Wallmark, 1983). The parietal cells secrete more acid when stimulated by histamine release after a meal, but also have a constitutive activity, which the inverse agonist also suppresses (Wallmark, 1983). Fig. 1 Graphical representation of the negative effect that inverse agonists have on receptors when compared to an antagonist and an agonist (Lambert, 2004). In conclusion, there is many ways in which drugs can act on receptors to modify their effect and this can be utilised for treating disease when a system goes out of balance. As mentioned previously, huge advancements have been made since more is now known regarding the structure of receptors and their binding sites. In the future, with more knowledge acquired in this field, further drugs can be manufactured which can be much more specific to their respective receptor and so can produce specific desired effects. This is of particular importance in conditions affecting the brain as disorders such as depression, schizophrenia and Parkinsons disease are associated with an imbalance in neurotransmitters and improvements in the drugs available to us to treat such conditions will benefit millions of people all around the world.

Donnes Convincing Techniques In His Argumentative Poems English Language Essay

Donnes Convincing Techniques In His Argumentative Poems English Language Essay After John Donnes poetry became prominent again in the 20th century, many critics have tried to identify the source of Donnes persuasiveness throughout his poems. Some related this to his masculine expression. Some others related it to the manly culture of the speakers. Others still believed in the idea that Donne has reached to this level of persuasiveness through manipulation of language. But it seems that Donnes convincing power cannot be attributed to these techniques alone. This paper will briefly introduce three major techniques which can be considered as the source of his persuasiveness. If we want to categorize Donnes poetry into some groups, two groups surely will constitute his argumentative and seductive poems. In the first one, the speaker tries to persuade someone to take a specific action or to adopt a certain point of view or at least has an appreciation for the speakers argumentative skill. The speakers in the argumentative poems have different aims: one tries to stop people from criticizing his love, while another tries to get the sun to stop shining into his room. The convincing power of an argumentative poem is determined by whether or not the reader side with the speaker at the end of the poem rather than the speakers opponent. The listeners can be referred to as witnesses than a participant in this debate and in this position they can evaluate the persuasiveness of the poem by determining the effect of the poem on them. In the other group which is seductive poems, the speaker shares a common purpose in making his arguments: to get a woman to sleep with him. The approach that Donne is using here to persuade his loves is to construct logical arguments. So the seductive poems can also be considered as pieces of persuasion because the speakers success is based on the strength of the argument. Analyzing Donnes argumentative and seductive poems makes it clear that there are some repeated techniques at work in these poems. These techniques help the speakers create powerful arguments that persuade the readers. One technique that is found in almost all of Donnes persuasive poems is that his speakers systematically prove each claim. This is clearly achieved by his great ability in using wit and reason even in his most sensuous poems that is called the association sensibility. Even his most passionate poems work by reason and logic. This logic can be seen when Donnes speakers give examples and evidence to support their claims. The other persuasive technique found in many of Donnes poems is using vivid metaphors and similes to ground the arguments in a pleasing and convincing way. Donnes speakers use these poetic devices not for decoration but to help explain abstract concepts of love. This practical use of literary devices can be seen clearly in the fact that many of Donnes metaphors come from ordinary objects that are familiar. Many of Donnes images come from business or are objects that can be found in urban settings. This familiarity makes the metaphors easy to understand, which is useful in persuading a reader. And the last repeated technique used in most of Donnes argumentative and seductive poems is that his speakers use a bold and direct manner of expression. In this delivery technique, Donne includes lines that contain especially loaded words delivered in a straightforward manner which in turn gives it a tremendous force. This force helps persuade the readers by adding emotional power to the logic of the argument. This paper attempts to show the application of aforementioned techniques, through a detailed analysis, in three of Donnes most famous persuasive poems: The Apparition, Sun Rising, and The Flea. The Apparition In The Apparition, Donnes speaker employs very unconventional methods to seduce a woman. Instead of using flattery or romantic lines, the speaker uses frightening words in order to get the woman to be with him. This method is so unconventional that many readers do not read The Apparition as a seductive poem. While the majority of readers do not consider The Apparition to be a seductive poem, there is textual evidence to the contrary. Early in the poem, the speaker alludes to past attempts to seduce the woman when he says, And that thou thinkst thee free/From all solicitation from mee (1-2). The word solicitation indicates that the speaker has been romantically interested in the woman. This interest introduces the idea that the speakers ultimate goal may be to seduce the woman. The idea that the speakers aim is seduction is confirmed at the poems conclusion when the speaker says, I had rather thou shouldst painfully repent,/Than by my threatnings rest still innocent (16-17). The crime the woman needs to repent for is revealed earlier in the poem when the speaker says the woman is killing him by refusing his advances. The woman can be innocent if she accepts the speakers solicitations and thus ceases to kill him. This conclusion shows that the speakers aim all along has been for the woman to sleep with him. This intent characterizes The Apparition as a seductive poem. The technique the speaker uses to seduce the woman is to frighten her into being with him. The speaker hopes that if he scares the woman enough, she will choose to be with him to avoid facing the grim future that awaits her if she rejects him. While this approach is unconventional, the speaker has tried seducing the woman through conventional approaches that have failed. Frightening the woman is a way for the speaker to try a new technique since his old techniques are not working. The first fear technique employed by the speaker is a strong line at the beginning of the poem. The speaker opens by saying, When by thy scorne, O murdresse, I am dead (1). This line is strongly worded in that it uses words loaded with negative connotations like murdresse and dead. By accusing the woman of murder at the beginning, the speaker is establishing an aggressive tone that carries an emotional force throughout the rest of the poem. This emotional force puts the woman in a vulnerable position, and sets her up to be persuaded. The predominant fear strategy employed by the speaker is to threaten the woman. The threat takes the form of a ghost that will haunt her as the speaker reveals when saying, Then shall my ghost come to thy bed (4). This threat is consistent with the claim that the woman is killing the speaker since ghosts are thought to avenge undeserved deaths. Being haunted by a ghost is a frightening prospect that the woman would want to avoid. If the ghosts presence is not intimidating enough, the speaker claims that the ghost will issue a frightening proclamation. The speaker says, What I will say, I will not tell thee now,/Lest that preserve thee' (14-15). The I the speaker refers to is his ghost. There are many painful utterances the ghost can make, such as cursing the woman or damning her, but the speaker does not reveal what will be said. Not revealing what the ghost will say is another way in which the speaker further frightens the woman. The final way in which the speaker frightens the woman into being with him is by negatively depicting the alternative. The speaker gives a grim portrait of the man she will be with if she does not accept him when he says: And he, whose thou art then, being tyrd before, Will, if you stirre, or pinch to wake him, thinke Thou callst for more, And in false sleepe will from thee shrinke, And then poore Aspen wretch, neglected thou Bathd in a cold quicksilver sweat wilt lye (7-12). The womans future lover is presented as pathetic. He does not have much ability in bed since he pretends to be sleeping to avoid having sex. He also is not protective since he does not come to the womans aid when she is confronted by the ghost. With this description, the speaker tries to convince the woman into thinking that she would be better off had she accepted him. This is a type of threat since the speake r presents a scene of future misery if she does not accept him. By threatening, the speaker tries to get the woman to be with him out of fear of the alternatives. Through using strongly worded lines, threatening the woman, and negatively depicting the competition, Donnes speaker makes the unusual attempt at seducing the woman through fear. It is safe to say that the speaker is very effective in frightening the woman, but it is unknown whether this approach will cause the lady to accept him. This approach certainly has the advantage of novelty, and since standard seduction techniques were not working on the woman, maybe a novel approach will. The Sun Rising The Sunne Rising is one of Donnes most popular poems. It is unique among Donnes argumentative poems in that the speaker addresses an inanimate object, the Sun. In the poem, the speaker is lying in bed with his lover and is upset that sunlight is shining through the window. The speaker makes an argument to try to get the Sun to leave so he and his lover can stay in bed. The poem is not truly argumentative, however, because in the middle of the poem the speaker turns from arguing with the Sun to praising the woman he is with. Until the focus shifts, the persuasive technique found in the poem is a personal attack through insulting the Sun, challenging its power, and giving it commands. These techniques give force to the speakers delivery and lower the audiences impression of the Sun. The persuasive force of the poem comes from the angry tone the speaker uses when talking to the Sun. From the start of the poem, the speaker establishes his angry tone by insulting the Sun. Busie old foole, unruly Sunne, Why dost thou thus, Through windowes, and through curtaines call on us? Must to thy motions lovers seasons run (1-4). In a formal argument, it would be unmannerly to insult an opponent. By insulting the Sun, the speaker shows that he is so overcome with anger that he is unable to restrain himself. This emotion carries over through the rest of the poem and gives the speakers words additional force. Additionally, insults diminish the power and the importance of the Sun by generating the idea that the Sunne does not need to be respected. In arguments, if one person, or the Sun, is well respected, they have credibility with the audience. By insulting the Sun, the speaker eliminates this advantage. The speaker further diminishes the importance of the Sun by questioning the power it possesses. At one point, the speaker challenges the Suns brightness by saying: Thy beames, so reverend, and strong Why shouldst thou thinke? I could eclipse and cloud them with a winke, But that I would not lose her sight so long (11-14). The speaker is not impressed by the Suns brightness since he can close his eyes if he chooses. This attack severely challenges the Suns power since brightness is the most important attribute of the Sun. If the Suns brightness is not respected, then there is no reason to respect the Sun. Another way the speaker diminishes the importance of the Sunne is by giving it orders. The speaker suggests that the Sun take alternative actions: Sawcy pedantique wretch, goe chide Late schoole boyes and sowre prentices, Goe tell Court-huntsmen, that the King will ride, Call countrey ants to harvest offices (5-8). These suggestions take the form of direct commands. By giving orders to the Sun, the speaker asserts that he has the power. The unconcerned content of the orders reinforces the speakers power by portraying the Sun as merely a nuisance the speaker wants to be rid of. By diminishing the Sun and establishing that he is the one with power, the speaker gains credibility with the audience. While argumentative elements and persuasive techniques are present in the first part of the poem, they are absent later on. Instead of arguing with the Sun, the speaker turns his attention to praising the woman that he is with. Romantic lines abound as when the speaker says Sheis all States, and all Princes, I,/Nothing else is (21-22). The speaker is consumed by the woman. This change of purpose is characterized when the speaker tells the Sun to stay in the room and just to shine on them: Thine age askes ease, and since thy duties bee To warme the world, thats done in warming us. Shine here to us, and thou art every where; this bed thy center is, these walls, thy spheare (27-30). Telling the Sun to stay in the room is the complete opposite of what the speaker wanted in the first half of the poem. The speaker becomes so focused on his love that he forgets his initial argument. While parts of the poem are extremely argumentative, The Sun Rising is not a complete argumentative poem since the argument does not carry through till the end. While the poem may not truly be argumentative, it certainly is persuasive. By personally attacking the Sun through insults, challenging its power, and giving orders, the speaker crafts a forceful delivery and causes the audience to transfer any importance and reverence for the Sun to himself. The speaker possesses influence with readers, which causes them to side with him. Noticeably, the speaker does not rely on logic to make his argument. The Sun Rising shows how a speaker can craft a persuasive argument solely with a forceful delivery and personal attacks. The Flea The persuasive techniques Donne includes in his persuasion poems culminate in The Flea. In addition to being Donnes most popular poem, The Flea is the ultimate seductive poem. No matter how little success he has, Donnes speaker refuses to give up and keeps trying to win over the woman. Many persuasive techniques are found in The Flea, including the use of a common metaphor, vigorously presenting the argument of the speaker, and adapting the arguments logic to fit the situation. By basing the argument on a flea, Donnes speaker uses the persuasive technique of employing a common metaphor. The speaker establishes the metaphor at the beginning of the poem by saying, Marke but this flea, and marke in this,/How little that which thou denyst me is (1-2). By examining the flea, the speaker intends to show the woman that having sex is not a big deal. The flea is significant because it sucks blood. The speaker says, It suckd me first, and now sucks thee,/And in this flea, our two bloods mingled bee (3-4). In Donnes time, sex was thought to involve the mixing of blood, so the flea biting the man and woman is a metaphor for sex. Although this is the reason the flea was chosen as a metaphor, it has other persuasive benefits. A flea is an ordinary object that is familiar. This familiarity makes it a good choice as a metaphor, since it is able to be understood to the connections that Donne draws. The metaphor is also a good choice because the flea is a natural object. Metaphors drawn from natural occurrences are the most credible. They represent an ideal state because they are free from human intervention. People are more willing to apply the lessons of such metaphors to their own lives. For these reasons, using the flea as a metaphor is a good persuasive strategy. A second persuasive technique employed by the speaker is to vigorously present the speakers argument at the expense of the womans. The Flea is a dramatic argument in that both sides argue their point of view. The womans reactions, however, are not revealed in the lines, but rather take place in the stanza breaks. The reader learns about the womans response in the opening lines of the second and third stanzas. In the second stanza, the reader learns that the woman is getting ready to smash the flea when the speaker says, Oh stay, three lives in one flea spare ( 10). In the third stanza, the reader learns that the woman has killed the flea when the speaker says, Cruell and sodaine, hast thou since/Purpled thy naile, in blood of innocence (19- 20). With these lines, the speaker makes the woman seem cruel for taking such harsh actions against the flea. Since these actions represent the womans response, this characterization articulates the womans argument. The only reference to the womans argument comes near the end of the poem when the speaker says, Yet thou triumphst, and saist that thou/Findst not thy selfe, nor mee the weaker now (23-24). The speakers prior coloring makes the act seem like needless aggression rather than a triumph. Her claim similarly lacks the argument. The disparity in presenting the two arguments causes the speaker to have the persuasive advantage over the woman. In The Flea, the speakers most noteworthy technique is adjusting his arguments in response to the situation. The speaker goes through a variety of logical approaches in attempting to win over the woman. Initially, the speaker tries to argue that having sex is not a big deal. He uses a proof by definition to show that the flea sucking blood from the two of them is the equivalent of sex. If sex consists of the mixing of blood, then the flea biting both of them can be thought of as sex. This approach is persuasive since proofs by definitions are logically sound. Once the speaker establishes that the flea bite resembles sex, the speaker minimizes the scale of the act by saying, Thou knowst that this cannot be said/A sinne, nor shame, nor losse of maidenhead (5-6). The flea bite does not carry all of the negative ramifications associated with sex. The speaker implies that since the acts are equal, then sex similarly should not carry with it all of the negative connotations. Those ramifica tions are presumably why the woman does not want to have sex with the speaker. The speaker uses the metaphor of a flea to alleviate the womans fears. Ultimately, this approach does not work; the woman not only denies sex with the speaker, but she also makes a move to smash the flea. When the speakers initial approach fails, he adjusts his argument. The second stanza is not as much about getting the woman to have sex as it is stopping her from killing the flea. The speaker attempts to prevent her from killing the flea by giving much greater importance to the flea bite, such as when he says, where we almost, yea more than married are./This flea is you and I, and this/Our mariage bed, and mariage temple is (11-13). Since parts of themselves share such close quarters in the flea, the speaker equates that to marriage. While in the first stanza downplays the significance of the flea bite, the second stanza builds up the importance of the act. Since the first approach failed, the speaker attempts a different strategy. This argument is not as strong as the first. Comparing the meaning of their blood in the flea to marriage is a stretch, but the situation meets some of the requirements that define marriage. The speaker additionally tries to convince the woman not to kill the flea by raising moral issues. The speaker says, Though use make you apt to kill mee,/Let not to that, selfe murder added bee,/And sacrilege, three sins in killing three (16-18). The three sins the woman would commit if she killed the flea would be murdering the speaker, suicide, and committing disrespect against their marriage temple. Appealing to the womans morality is a good tactic because she is concerned with sin, since that is one of her fears regarding sex. This line of reasoning is another example of the speaker fitting his argument to the situation. The speakers persuasive techniques once again fail as, despite his efforts, the woman kills the flea. This occurs in the break between stanzas two and three. Killing the flea is the womans way of refuting the notion that the flea has the importance that the speaker gives it in stanza two. By killing the flea, the woman also communicates that the speakers plan to use the metaphor of the flea to persuade her into having sex will not work. The speaker responds to the woman by once again changing his argument. First, he calls the woman cruel for killing the flea. Claiming that the violence is unnecessary, he says, Wherein could this flea guilty bee,/Except in that drop which it suckt from thee?. (21-22). The speaker tries to get the woman to recognize that she was wrong in her actions and, by extension, in her argument. The speaker then tries to minimize the significance of her killing the flea and uses it to convince her to have sex with him. The speaker says, Tis true, then learne how false, feares bee;/Just so much honor, when thou yeeldst to mee,/Will wast, as this fleas death tooke life from thee (25-27). The speaker reverses the argument he made in stanza two to once again show the importance of the flea. He argues that as much honor will be lost in having sex as life was lost by being bitten by the flea. This is the weakest argument in the poem, since the connection between blood loss and honor does not make much sense. With this argument, the speaker is making one last attempt at seducing the woman. The speaker adapts his argument a great deal in The Flea. When his initial plan of minimizing the flea to subsequently showing the magnitude of sex fails, he completely reverses his approach to elevating the importance of the flea. His attention also shifts from trying to get the woman to sleep with him to trying to stop her from killing the flea. When the woman kills the flea, the speaker shifts his argument again. He shows the significance of the flea to minimize the womans response. He also returns his focus to trying to get the woman to sleep with him. Ultimately the speakers seduction efforts probably fail. His logic gets progressively weaker as the poem progresses. Since the woman rejects his initial arguments, it is unlikely that she will be swayed by the inferior arguments he makes later. Although the speaker fails to seduce the woman, his effort is admirable. His techniques of basing his argume nt on a common, natural object and vigorously presenting his own arguments give him a persuasive advantage. He then shows great skill and persistence in molding his arguments throughout the poem. The speakers failure cannot be blamed on his approach or his amount of effort. Conclusion In examining these poems, it is clear that more than any other factor, the persuasive techniques that Donnes speakers employ make the arguments in his poems convincing. Donne uses a variety of techniques to help his speakers either win an argument or seduce a woman. The techniques found most often in Donnes persuasive poems are 1) systematically proving each claim, 2) employing vivid metaphors and similes to ground the arguments in a pleasing and convincing fashion, and 3) using a bold and direct manner of expression. There are also numerous techniques specific to individual poems that aid in convincing an audience. These persuasive techniques are not exclusive to Donnes poems, and can be found in many pieces of writing in which the speaker attempts to persuade his audience. Studying a master of rhetoric like Donne provides persuasive skills that can be used in everyday life.

The Things They Carried Essay -- Literary Analysis, History

Joy Kogawa and Tim O’Brien: two authors that have wielded their mastery of the English language to yield literary masterpieces that reflect not only their own struggles, but the hardships of multitudes around them. In her acclaimed Obasan, Joy Kogawa illustrates the intense discrimination that was faced by Japanese-Canadians during World War 2, and provides many reflective anecdotes to give the reader some insight on her personal situation. Tim O’Brien accomplishes basically the same goal in The Things They Carried by giving the reader many brief stories about his time in the Vietnam War. These two books- though incredibly different on the surface - share a plethora of themes and symbology, as well as many similar events. They do not, however, emphasize or present these ideas in the same way. Each of these authors has a unique way of incorporating their own themes or values into their writing, which gives the reader an entirely different view of what may be happeni ng. The brain is an amazing thing. It allows us to think, blink, walk and talk; it enables us to run, hide, seek, and stride; but most importantly, it allows us to remember. Neither literary work takes a firm stance on their opinion of memories, as both have many different characters with many different opinions. Naomi views and even loosely mirrors Obasan’s opinions on memory; that the past be left to the past and the future will bear what is to come (65 Kogawa). This â€Å"Ashes to Ashes† stance is mirrored by Rat Kiley in The Things They Carried (SparkNotes Editors). Though Obasan has a much tougher exterior and is able to keep her composure, they are both haunted by cruel memories that they are trying to suppress. Rat, however, doesn’t have as much luck as ... ...n previously expected. Things aren’t always what they seem; a concept that applies to the characters themselves. Obasan is more than just a wrinkled old lady, just as Rat Kiley is more than just an infantry soldier. Don’t judge a book by its cover, and don’t jump to conclusions; everyone is different. Take some time to find out and get to know someone, and you might just be surprised by The Things They Carried. Works Cited SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Obasan.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2007. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on The Things They Carried.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2002. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. Kogawa, Joy. Obasan. 1981. New York: First Anchor, 1994. Print. The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 2010. Web. Feb. 22 2012. O'Brien, Tim. The Things They Carried. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1990. Print.

The Idea Of Romantic Love Essay -- essays research papers

We are brought up on romantic love. Is this true in your experience? If so write a paper on which you first define this amorphous concept and then discuss how you came about it. For eg. Have you been influenced by media, T.V., movies in particular. Conclude by stating whether you believe in romantic love or have cast of the idea. â€Å"I don’t care what you think, when he comes I’ll leave and won’t even turn back and look at you, he’ll love me, he won’t be like you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Words spoken by me when I was barely 10 years of age. I was addressing my mother after we’d had an argument and referring to the arrival of my prince charming who would understand all my dilemmas and make life ‘heaven’ for me. Such is the perception of romantic love that I formed ever since I began to realize the dynamics of the relationship between a man and woman. It is what is fed to us through nursery rhymes, and fairytales and it is a world that we do not wish to leave for fear of abandonment and loneliness. As we progress through life we are constantly exposed to the likes of television serials, movies and of course ‘mills & boon’ romances, all aimed at reinforcing the very first impressions of bliss that we formed with regard to the loved one and love life in general. Infact, falling in love with a handsome young prince and galloping away with him into a hazy, peach orange sunset, is a romantic concept that most young girls, irrespective of race or background, embrace and ultimately grow up to anticipate. They are taught that it is a magical paradise where they will have all of their needs met - and live happily-ever-after. They are taught that getting the romance is the goal and that after that everything is smooth sailing. Romantic love is thus an emotion surrounded by myths and metaphors, motivated by false hopes and the desire for a guarantee that somehow, a miserable life can be turned into happiness at a single stroke. Obviously that is not how it works in reality. Robert Solomon once remarked, â€Å"Love has become an obscure ideal, like TV ads, full of promise of something fabulous yet to come, hinted at but never spoken of as such.† We are told that we can we are in love by the we feel; the giddy disorientation, shaky, shivering hands, and your heart leaping within you. Unfortunately, these are also the warning signs of dengue fever, so it’s always a good idea to check with your do... ... romantic feelings to emerge before they initiate romantic activities. But it works the other way around! I personally would not cast of the idea of ‘romantic love’ as such because I believe that romantic love is powerful, but at the same time it is not omnipotent. Doubts, fears, insecurities, weak self-esteem, and silence can prevent its achievement. The problem lies not in the concept of romantic love but in the impossible demands made in its name. To be love is to realize that in the authentic relationship each person stands by his own perceptions. Sometimes its okay to go by the clichà ©s, which facilitate togetherness, but if it becomes permanent, communication is cancelled, and one is left with a low sense of oneself. The essence of true love can infact be compared to gift giving. The immeasurability of gift-giving, its wearying effects on the spirit when not reciprocated, can leave a person open to a tremendous sense of disappointment. This is just one of the risks a creative spirit takes in the world. Pursuing and maintaining romantic love is a risk too, but it is a wonderful risk, and it is the heavy price one might pay for it, that makes it so valuable in the first place.

Archimedes Essay -- essays research papers

Archimedes was a Greek mathematician and scientist. He was born in Syracuse, Sicily in the year 287 B.C. He was educated in Alexandria, Egypt. Due to the lack of information about Greek mathematics, many Greek mathematicians and their works are hardly known. Archimedes is the exception. Archimedes was very preoccupied with mathematics. For instance, he often forgot to eat and bathe because of his always wanted to solve problems. He found areas and volumes of spheres, cylinders and plain shapes. He showed that the volume of a sphere is two-thirds of the volume of the smallest cylinder that can contain the sphere. Archimedes was so proud of this concept that he requested that a cylinder enclosed a sphere, with an explanation of this concept, be engraved on his grave. Archimedes also gave a method for approximating pi. He was able to estimate the value of pi between 3 10/71 and 3 1/7. Math wasn’t as sophisticated enough to find out the exact pi (3.14). Archimedes was finding square roots and he found a method based on the Greek myriad for representing numbers as large as 1 followed by 80 million billion zeros. One of Archimedes accomplishments was his creation of the lever and pulley system. Archimedes proved his theory of the lever and pulley to the king by moving a ship, of the royal fleet, back into the ocean. Then, Archimedes moved the ship into the sea with only a few movements of his hand, which caused a lever and pulley device to move the ship. This story has become f...

Entertainment as Politics Essay

As time goes by, many changes have been observable in the world. The various events that are happening show the development of different aspects in the society. One of the most observable modifications is the development of the perspective or frame of mind of people with regard to their opinion about the issues that affect them. Political concerns are still among the primary subject matter that people usually engaged themselves in. This interest is mostly evident in the older generation because the young members of the population tend to show little interest up to the point of apathy with regard to such matter. Most of the youth of today are more concerned with the latest video games, fashion style, and different trends rather than politics. However, the improvement in technology especially in the field of communication has made it possible to reach out to this younger generation in order to encourage them to actively participate in political matters that greatly affect their lives. However, the technological advances in communication are not the only factor that contributes to encouraging the young adults to engage themselves in political matters because creativity and innovativeness also play an important role. The different programs in television especially talk shows and comedy shows are the outcome of the utilization of communication technology and creativity as well as innovativeness. The people behind these programs are responsible for conceptualizing a medium that would attract the attention of the masses. They create programs that would aid their viewers to have fun and at the same time be enlightened about the current events that are taking place with their respective countries, especially in the field of politics. These commendable talents are supported by the power of modernity that enables them to broadcast this kind of programs and reach the TV sets in the living room of every household. The use of entertainment in relation to political engagement is considered as a non-traditional form of political communication with the people. The uniqueness of this kind of medium actually adds up to its appeal. Before, there is a distinction between news and entertainment. News programs are the ones which handle serious matters and reports the recent events in society. This kind of programs usually focuses on topics that concern the economy, status of the society, and the field of politics. On the other hand, entertainment usually involves programs that provide people a break from the hassles of everyday life. Entertainment programs are usually hosted by stand-up comediennes who tend to crack jokes or impersonate other personalities. There also entertainment programs that involve singing and dancing. Nevertheless, even the field of media is also evolving because the distinction between news and entertainment has already been transcended. At present, there are existing shows that provide entertainment by using political issues. There are programs that tackle political concerns by means of impersonating the officials in the government. In this kind of programs, the hosts of the show could make commentaries or criticisms towards politicians in a fun and light-hearted manner. This new type of entertainment program is greatly exemplified by Saturday Night Live. Saturday Night Live, or known simply as SNL, is a late-night comedy show. It is an American sketch comedy and variety show that runs for 90 minutes on a weekly basis. The program started on October 11, 1975 at New York City. There is a regular set of hosts who are usually the rising actors in the field of comedy. They are joined by a guest host as well as a featured musical act. The show is broadcasted live at the Studio 8H in the GE Building at New York’s Rockefeller Center (NBC Universal, n. d. ). Saturday Night Live made a huge impact in the last election in the United States. The program usually featured different politicians that were running for a position in office. These include presidential and vice presidential candidates such as Barack Obama and John McCain, among others. The impersonation of the hosts of the show with these various political figures not only provided entertainment to the general public but more importantly, it was able to enlighten the people about the personalities, platforms, and the respective stand of these candidates regarding numerous political issues. Creation of Politics Using Humor The Saturday Night Live comedy show was able to spoof numerous political candidates for the last election. However, the most noticeable and controversial among all of them was when they imitated the Governor of Alaska, Sarah Palin. The program was able to apply the humorous nature of the show in order to focus on the political skills of Sarah Palin. In doing so, one of their hosts, Tina Fey, who has this unusual resemblance with Governor Palin, imitated her every move from the way she dresses, her manner of speaking, and mannerisms. Aside from the physical features, Tina Fey also used the famous quotes that Palin made in her interviews as well as the debate that she participated in. Being the comedian that she is, Tina Fey was able to make her imitation of Palin very hilarious. In this situation, Saturday Night Live was able to exemplify how the show could actually mix entertainment with politics. Gender, Power, Class In relation to this, the skit about Sarah Palin also focused on other important issues like gender, power, and class. This is most observable in the episode wherein Tina Fey acted as Sarah Palin together with another one of her co-hosts that imitated Hillary Clinton. In this scene, even though they were making funny remarks, the commentaries that they give actually pertain to the real issues that are taking place in the country. Both the actresses were able to point out the topic of gender wherein they said that it was time that women take key roles in the White House. They also stated that politicians should not be discriminated based upon gender, and that sexist remarks should be prevented. In terms of the idea of power, the two actresses stated that it was timely that women should actively participate in shaping the future of the United States by giving them the opportunity to be elected. The concept of intellectual class difference was also explored when they made it very obvious that Hillary Clinton knows more about politics than Sarah Palin. This is proven when the one who was imitating Clinton commented that â€Å"I do not agree with the Bush Doctrine† and Tina Fey replied in a very Palin kind of fashion that â€Å"I do not know anything about it. † Thus, through this comedy act, it is very evident that there is an intellectual disparity between these two individuals. Comedy as a Space for Critical Engagement Saturday Night Live was able to use comedy in order to criticize the weaknesses of Sarah Palin as a candidate for the vice-presidency. Pointing out the flaws of an individual is not an easy thing to do especially if it is done under the watchful eye of numerous people. Certain factors have to be taken into consideration especially the sensitivity of the person that is being scrutinized. However, by means of humor, one can easily make commentaries that would not be seen in a bad light if it is done seriously. Humorous comments allow other people to notice the criticisms made in a good natured manner. Laughter has its way of making people take things lightly regardless of whether the remark is positive or negative. This is proven in the skit involving the imitation of Palin and Clinton. The impersonator of Hillary Clinton stated that she believe that diplomacy should play an important role in U. S. policy. On the other hand, Tina Fey who portrayed the role of Sarah Palin said, â€Å"I can see Russia in my front porch. † This only shows the criticisms that people have with Palin’s lack of knowledge with foreign policy and diplomatic affairs. Saturday Night Live has the capability to attack sensitive issues and scrutinize famous and powerful individuals unlike ordinary news programs. Humor plays an important part in the ability of shows like Saturday Night Live to tackle important subject matters like the lack of capability and competency of a particular candidate to hold a seat in the White House. They could explicitly show that Sarah Palin proved that this notion is true when she participated in the Saturday Night Live. She even joined in the hilarious jokes and some of the skits, even if it involves the mockery of her own personality and capacity. The program successful achieved the objective of making its viewers take notice of the weaknesses of Sarah Palin as vice-presidential candidate by playing with her personality. The skits, jokes, and impersonation of her were essential in order for the hosts to make the public aware of the flaws of this particular candidate. Using humor was very effective in capturing the attention of the audience and making them aware of sensitive issues that cannot be easily discussed in a regular program. The people behind this entertainment show were able to incorporate the idea of having fun together with political criticisms. The efficiency of Saturday Night Live and other similar programs, as compared to the usual traditional program, is its employment of humor in their commentaries and criticisms. In relation to this, the important technique that was used by the program is the employment of satire, a literary tone that is implemented in order to make fun or ridicule a person with the intention of correcting him or her (Mali, n. d. ). As such, it could tackle important and sensitive issues especially in the political realm without being too serious about it. This genre of entertainment is an effective setting for critical engagement because it allows people to openly express how they think and feel with regard to a particular person or concern. They do not have to be too formal or to lay things nicely as they can easily say what is on their minds. Moreover, a study conducted by Nojin Kwak (2004), an assistant professor from the Department of Communication Studies in the University of Michigan, and his associates shows that entertainment programs greatly influence the political engagement of young adults. The â€Å"use of television entertainment shows, particularly late-night talk show programs,† was found to reinforce political efficacy, political trust, and political understanding among the public especially among young adults (Kwak, Wang, & Guggenheirn, 2004, p. ii). This only proves that entertainment talk shows with the same format as Saturday Night Live are an effective avenue for political engagement. Political Economic Structure of Saturday Night Live The nature of the program of Saturday Night Live that uses satire in relation to important social concerns enables it to acquire numerous viewers for the show. Television companies, like any other business organization, is also after the accumulation of profit. NBC is the television network that handles Saturday Night Live. This network aims to increase the profit of its company through the programs that they have. Television shows normally gain profit through the various commercials and advertisements of different companies that avail of the network services. These services get even more expensive when the company wants to show their ads during the primetime shows especially the high-rating ones. In this process, televisions companies gain profit from these television shows. Nevertheless, like in any other industry, NBC also has its competitors. There are quite a number of other television companies that also air similar programs like those that NBC has, but Saturday Night Live has a different approach in comedy that makes it one of the most high-rating shows in America. Entertainment Programs as a Space for Social Change Primetime programs also have a strategic advantage as compared to other shows that are aired at a different time. This is due to the fact that most people, especially the American public, are already at home during that time. After a busy day at work or in school, this is the specific part of their day wherein they could relax and do whatever they want, and this usually includes watching television. Being the case, this is the most appropriate time for them to take notice of other things aside from their everyday responsibilities. Saturday Night Live is taking advantage of the free time of these people in order to entertain them and at the same time inform them of the present situation of the country and the people that are directly involved in it. They give their viewers relaxation through laughing and making fun of other people in a good-natured manner. At the same time, they do not simply make satire comments about anything under the sun; rather, they focus on important ones that actually affect the lives of the viewers who patronize their programs. This late-night comedy show enlightens the people with regard to different issues like political matters, whether they are consciously or unconsciously aware of it. It epitomizes the very idea of learning while having fun. The new genre of entertainment programs such as Saturday Night Live is responsible for creating an innovative space for social change. This kind of shows gives one of the most important factors in social engagement, and that is the concept of awareness. It informs the general public of the pressing issues that will eventually affect their way of life. Saturday Night Live’s imitation of Governor Sarah Palin clearly proves how this program can discuss political concerns as well as the flaws of influential personalities. Thus, having this necessary knowledge can eventually aid the citizens of the country to take action. It is observable that the people indeed seriously consider the lack of political capacity that Sarah Palin has, which the show highlighted because she did not win in the election. The popularity of the Saturday Night Live increased due to the recent campaign period and election that took place. The show was able to focus on the current situation of America. Due to this, the interest of the people to get involved in political issues and participate in the exchange of thoughts as well as debates regarding this issue was heightened. Entertainment programs are a good avenue for social change because people could easily express their opinions, thoughts, feelings, and even their sentiments in this kind of setting without being afraid that they might offend other people. The freedom that they have in this kind of medium entails greater participation from the people especially for young adults, particularly during this time when communication technology is very influential. The discussions above clearly prove that entertainment is indeed an effective avenue for critical thinking, empowerment, and social change. Entertainment talk shows and comedy programs like Saturday Night Live is capable of enhancing the critical thinking of the public through the skits, jokes, and hilarious commentaries that they make. Whenever an individual watches the show, he or she becomes aware of a particular flaw of a personality, including political figures like Governor Sarah Palin. Hence, through such programs, the public is encouraged to analyze rationally why such criticism and mockery are taking place. This allows them to think beyond what these personalities are projecting and carefully study what their real intentions are, as well as their capacity in the position that they are running for. In this manner, critical engagement is already taking place because the people are exerting the effort to give attention to the particular concern the show is featuring. People are also empowered by entertainment shows because this gives them the freedom to express what they want. The hosts of the program represent the common people and their opinions and stand regarding a certain issue or a particular personality. They stand as the voice of the masses because they can explicitly express the public’s perspective on various matters. Moreover, people can always send an e-mail to these television networks in order to give their opinion and suggestions about their shows. In doing so, they are already taking part in the whole process of media awareness. Lastly, this genre of entertainment program is an effective avenue for social change. It influences people, especially young adult, to get involved with important issues like political concerns. This is due to the fact that entertainment programs enable political understanding, political efficacy, and political trust among those people who watch them. Moreover, programs under this genre provide a setting conducive for social modifications because they use the value of humor and laughing about problems that would normally drag people down. Thus, their new approach in dealing with issues makes entertainment programs an effective way to effect changes in the society. References Kwak, N. , Wang, X. , & Guggenheirn, L. (n. d. ). Laughing All The Way: The Relationship Between Television Entertainment Talk Show Viewing and Political Engagement among Young Adults. Retrieved November 25, 2008, from http://www. umich. edu/news/Releases/2004/Aug04/Kwak. pdf. Mali, T. (n. d. ). Satire. Retrieved November 25, 2008, from http://www. tnellen. com/cybereng/lit_terms/satire. html. NBC Universal. (n. d. ). Saturday Night Live. Retrieved November 25, 2008, from http://www. nbc. com/Saturday_Night_Live/about/.